Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anemia among Female Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Anemia is a major public health problem affecting women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is associated with significant morbidity, reduced quality of life, and adverse health outcomes. Objective: To determine the prevalence of anemia and identify its associated factors among female patients attending tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 adult female patients attending outpatient and inpatient departments of selected tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Hemoglobin levels were measured using standard laboratory methods, and anemia was classified according to World Health Organization criteria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits, menstrual history, and comorbid conditions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia was 46.1%. Mild, moderate, and severe anemia were observed in 21.7%, 19.4%, and 5.0% of participants, respectively. Anemia was significantly associated with low dietary iron intake, low socioeconomic status, heavy menstrual bleeding, and short inter-pregnancy interval. Younger age and undernutrition were also associated with higher anemia prevalence. Conclusion: Anemia was highly prevalent among female patients attending tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, with multiple modifiable risk factors identified. Routine screening and targeted nutritional and reproductive health interventions are essential to reduce the burden of anemia among women