Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research
YOUR TRUSTED PLATFORM FOR ADVANCING INNOVATION IN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH. ABOUT INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN (ONLINE): 3106-9274 The Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research is a peer-reviewed, open-access biannual journal dedicated to publishing high-quality interdisciplinary research in health, medical sciences, and rehabilitation. Our mission is to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, foster global knowledge dissemination, and support emerging scholars in their pursuit of impactful research. OPEN ACCESS STATEMENT The Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research is committed to the principles of open access as defined by the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). All articles published in the Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research are freely and immediately accessible to the public without any embargo period. This ensures that: Anyone can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full text of articles. Articles can be crawled for indexing and used as data for software or other lawful purposes. No user registration is required to access content. All content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), allowing unrestricted use with proper attribution, provided the work is not altered or used commercially. A printed version of the journal is available for purchase if required. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research upholds open access to promote global knowledge dissemination and foster academic innovation. WHY CHOOSE INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH? Open Access: Articles are freely accessible under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Ethical Publishing: Adherence to COPE, ICMJE Recommendations, and HEC guidelines ensures transparency and integrity, details Robust Peer Review: A double-blind process guarantees impartial evaluation by domain experts. Global Reach: Indexed in platforms like Google Scholar, CrossRef DOI, Index Copernicus, PakMediNet, and more. Unique DOIs and LOCKSS archiving enhance accessibility and preservation. details here SCOPE We invite submissions across a wide range of disciplines, including: Health and Medical Sciences: Research on diagnostics, treatments, and disease prevention. Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy: Innovations in techniques and assistive technologies. Mental and Behavioral Health: Studies in neurorehabilitation and psychosocial support. Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences: Drug development, dietary interventions, and metabolic health. Emerging Technologies in Healthcare: AI, telemedicine, and digital health innovations. Explore our Aims and Scope for more details. FOR AUTHORS Publication (upon acceptance) Fee: National: PKR 25,000/- International: USD equivalent Waivers: Available for eligible authors upon request. Submission Email: editor@idjmr.com For detailed guidelines, visit our Submission Guidelines. OUR POLICIES The Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research ensures transparency and adherence to global standards with policies on: Corrections and Retractions: Maintaining the integrity of the academic record. Informed Consent: Ensuring ethical research involving human participants. Plagiarism and Data Sharing: Upholding originality and reproducibility. Privacy and Advertising: Safeguarding author and reader information. Read our full Policies. EDITORIAL TEAM Our versatile editorial team includes experienced professionals and domain experts from across multiple disciplines. This diversity ensures a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to assessing submissions, maintaining the highest standards of peer review and publication ethics. Meet Our Editorial Team. PUBLISHER INFORMATION Publisher: Therapy Plus Clinics ISSN (ONLINE): 3106-9274 Address: Plot 11, Meer Ave Sector F, Architects Engineers Housing Society, Lahore, Pakistan Website: www.idjmr.com COPYRIGHT The Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research ensures that authors retain copyright and full publishing rights under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, granting unrestricted non-commercial access and proper attribution. WHAT FALLS UNDER ACCESS? Immediate and free availability of all published content. Permission for users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, and link to full-text articles. No registration or embargo period required for access. JOIN US Contribute to the global dialogue in healthcare and rehabilitation research. Submit your manuscript today!
Therapy Plus Clinics, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Assessment of Depression and Anxiety among Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Depression and anxiety are common psychological comorbidities among patients with chronic diseases and significantly influence treatment adherence, quality of life, and clinical outcomes. Chronic illnesses impose long-term physical, emotional, and financial stress, increasing vulnerability to mental health disorders, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where mental health services are often underintegrated into routine care. Objective: To assess the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety among patients with chronic diseases attending outpatient healthcare facilities in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 adult patients with clinically diagnosed chronic diseases attending selected public and private outpatient facilities in Lahore. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising sociodemographic and clinical variables and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were performed to estimate prevalence and examine associations with disease duration and multimorbidity. Results: Depressive symptoms were identified in 42.5% of participants, while anxiety symptoms were present in 48.1%. Moderate to severe depression was observed in 26.3% of patients, and moderate to severe anxiety in 31.9%. Patients with disease duration exceeding five years and those with multiple chronic conditions demonstrated significantly higher odds of both depression and anxiety. Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent among patients with chronic diseases in Lahore and are strongly associated with longer disease duration and multimorbidity. Routine mental health screening and integration of psychosocial support into chronic disease management are essential to improve patient outcomes
Depression; Anxiety; Chronic Diseases; Mental Health; Cross-Sectional Study
Copyright (c) 2025 Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research
Nutritional Status and Dietary Habits among Patients Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Karachi: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Burnout and job satisfaction are critical determinants of workforce well-being, staff retention, and quality of healthcare delivery. Allied health professionals working in public hospitals are frequently exposed to high workloads, prolonged working hours, staff shortages, and limited resources, which may increase vulnerability to burnout and reduce job satisfaction, particularly in low- and middle-income country settings. Objective: To assess the levels of burnout and job satisfaction among allied health professionals working in public hospitals of Faisalabad and to examine the relationship between burnout dimensions and job satisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over six months among 220 allied health professionals employed in public hospitals of Faisalabad. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire incorporating the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a standardized job satisfaction scale. Burnout was evaluated across emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment domains. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, logistic regression, and correlation analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: High emotional exhaustion was reported by 41.8% of participants, high depersonalization by 36.4%, and low personal accomplishment by 39.1%. Low job satisfaction was reported by 44.5% of participants. High emotional exhaustion (OR = 2.89, p < 0.001), high depersonalization (OR = 2.47, p = 0.002), and low personal accomplishment (OR = 2.76, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with low job satisfaction. Emotional exhaustion showed a strong inverse correlation with job satisfaction (r = −0.61, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Burnout is highly prevalent among allied health professionals in public hospitals of Faisalabad and is strongly associated with reduced job satisfaction. Organizational interventions targeting workload management, professional support, and workplace well-being are urgently needed.
Burnout; Job Satisfaction; Allied Health Professionals; Public Hospitals; Cross-Sectional Study
Assessment of Burnout and Job Satisfaction among Allied Health Professionals in Public Hospitals of Faisalabad: A Cross-Sectional Study
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Infection Control among Medical Laboratory Technologists in Faisalabad: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Infection control is a critical component of laboratory safety, particularly for medical laboratory technologists who are routinely exposed to blood, body fluids, and potentially infectious specimens. Inadequate knowledge, unfavourable attitudes, and poor infection control practices can increase the risk of healthcare-associated infections and occupational exposure among laboratory personnel. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding infection control among medical laboratory technologists working in tertiary care hospitals in Faisalabad. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over a six-month period among 240 medical laboratory technologists employed in public and private tertiary care hospitals and diagnostic laboratories in Faisalabad. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire assessing infection control–related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were performed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: Adequate knowledge regarding infection control was observed in 71.3% of participants (95% CI: 65.6–77.0), while 68.8% demonstrated positive attitudes (95% CI: 62.9–74.7). Good infection control practices were reported by 64.6% of participants (95% CI: 58.6–70.6). Female technologists showed significantly higher odds of adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and good practices compared with males. Adequate knowledge was significantly associated with good infection control practices (OR = 2.43, p = 0.001). Gaps were particularly noted in biomedical waste segregation and reporting of needle-stick injuries. Conclusion: Although medical laboratory technologists in Faisalabad generally demonstrate satisfactory knowledge and positive attitudes toward infection control, deficiencies in practice persist. Strengthening continuous training, institutional support, and monitoring systems is essential to improve infection control compliance and laboratory safety.
Infection Control; Knowledge; Attitude; Practices; Medical Laboratory Technologists; Cross-Sectional Study
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Physiotherapists Working in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Lahore: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major occupational health concern among healthcare professionals, particularly physiotherapists, due to the physically demanding nature of their work, which includes manual therapy, patient handling, repetitive movements, and prolonged static postures. These occupational exposures place physiotherapists at increased risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, potentially affecting their health, productivity, and quality of care. Objective: To determine the prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal disorders among physiotherapists working in tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 200 physiotherapists employed in tertiary care hospitals in Lahore. Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire incorporating the Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire to assess 12-month musculoskeletal symptoms across different body regions. Demographic and occupational characteristics were recorded. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: The overall prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was 76.5% (95% CI: 70.6–82.4). The most commonly affected body regions were the lower back (52.0%), neck (45.5%), shoulders (41.0%), and wrists/hands (33.5%). Female physiotherapists demonstrated significantly higher odds of musculoskeletal disorders compared with males (OR = 2.03, p = 0.034). Working more than 8 hours per day (OR = 2.75, p = 0.002) and frequent manual patient handling (OR = 2.96, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal disorders are highly prevalent among physiotherapists in tertiary care hospitals in Lahore, highlighting the need for ergonomic interventions, workload management, and preventive occupational health strategies.
Musculoskeletal Disorders; Physiotherapists; Occupational Health; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Study
Workplace Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Mental Health Outcomes Among Employees: A Cross-Sectional Assessment
Background: Workplace burnout is increasingly recognized as a major occupational health concern, yet its combined impact on job satisfaction and mental health outcomes across diverse employment settings remains insufficiently understood. Previous studies have often focused on single professions or isolated constructs, limiting the ability to interpret the interconnected pathways linking burnout to psychological morbidity. Objective: To examine the association between workplace burnout and mental health outcomes and to assess the moderating influence of job satisfaction among employees in varied occupational contexts. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 412 employees who completed validated measures of burnout (MBI-GS), job satisfaction (JSS), and mental health symptoms (DASS-21). Multivariable regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and occupational covariates were used to evaluate associations and interaction effects, with multiple imputation applied to missing data. Results: Higher burnout was significantly associated with greater depression, anxiety, and stress scores (all p < 0.001). Emotional exhaustion showed the strongest association with depression (β = 0.41, 95% CI 0.33–0.49). Job satisfaction demonstrated a partial moderating effect, attenuating the burnout–depression relationship by 18.2% and strengthening the interaction at low satisfaction levels (p = 0.02). A nonlinear escalation of psychological symptoms was observed between moderate and high burnout categories. Conclusion: Burnout is strongly linked to adverse mental health outcomes, and job satisfaction serves as a protective factor that may mitigate these effects. Targeted organizational interventions enhancing satisfaction may reduce psychological burden among employees.
Burnout; Job Satisfaction; Depression; Anxiety; Stress; Occupational Health; Cross-Sectional Study
Knowledge and Practice of Anesthesia Safety Checklist Use Among Operating Room Personnel: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Background: Anaesthesia safety checklists are important tools for making communication better before and after surgery, making safety procedures more uniform, and lowering the number of avoidable anesthesia-related injuries. However, they are not always used in clinical settings, even though there are strong international recommendations for their use. Differences in knowledge, training, and support from institutions may affect adherence, which shows how important it is to look into what makes operating room staff use checklists. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and implementation of anaesthesia safety checklist utilisation among operating room staff and to determine factors linked to consistent compliance. Methods: A validated questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey of anaesthesiologists, trainees, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesia technicians to find out what they knew, how they used checklists, and what they thought were the biggest problems. We used descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariable logistic regression to look at factors that affect adherence. Results: Out of 150 participants, the average knowledge level was 72.4% ± 12.1%, with consultants achieving the highest scores. People with a lot of knowledge were much more likely to use the checklist consistently (OR = 5.48; p < 0.001). Time pressure (62%), lack of enforcement (48%), and team cooperation issues (44%) were significant impediments, each correlated with diminished adherence. Knowledge, formal training (adjusted OR = 2.11; p = 0.02), and institutional enforcement (adjusted OR = 2.87; p = 0.002) were independent predictors of adherence. Conclusion: Knowledge, organised training, and institutional support are important factors in following the anaesthesia safety checklist. This shows that we need to use both educational and organisational strategies to improve perioperative safety.
Anesthesia safety checklist; perioperative safety; operating room personnel; adherence; patient safety; clinical governance
Copyright (c) 2024 Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research
Body Image Concerns and Self-Esteem in Late Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Examination of Psychological Correlates
Background: Body image concerns are increasingly prevalent in late adolescence and have been linked to adverse psychological outcomes, including diminished self-esteem, yet sex-specific differences and the strength of these associations remain insufficiently quantified. Objective: To examine the relationship between body image concerns and self-esteem among late adolescents and to assess sex-specific variations in these psychological correlates. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 512 adolescents aged 16–19 years using validated instruments to measure body image concerns and global self-esteem. Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to estimate associations, with sex-stratified analyses performed to evaluate differential vulnerability. Results: Participants reported moderate body image concerns (mean 42.8, SD 9.5) and average self-esteem (mean 21.4, SD 4.8). Females exhibited significantly higher body image concerns and lower self-esteem than males (p < 0.001). Body image concerns were inversely correlated with self-esteem (r = –0.52, p < 0.001). In adjusted models, each unit increase in body image concerns predicted a 0.18-point decrease in self-esteem (p < 0.001), with stronger effects in females (β = –0.22) than males (β = –0.14). Conclusion: Higher body image concerns are strongly associated with lower self-esteem in late adolescence, particularly among females, underscoring the need for targeted screening and early preventive strategies.
body image; self-esteem; adolescence; sex differences; psychological health
Assessment of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Its Associated Factors in Patients Receiving General Anesthesia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remain among the most common and distressing complications following general anesthesia, impairing recovery and prolonging hospital stay. Despite established risk models, population-specific data are limited in many clinical settings, restricting the development of tailored prevention strategies. Objective: To determine the prevalence of PONV and identify associated patient-related and perioperative risk factors among adults undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 consecutively enrolled surgical patients receiving general anesthesia. Standardized instruments were used to collect preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data, and PONV was assessed within 24 hours of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent predictors after adjusting for confounders. Results: The prevalence of PONV was 32.5% (n = 104). Female sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.01), history of motion sickness or prior PONV (aOR 2.82), volatile anesthetic use (aOR 2.47), intraoperative opioid administration (aOR 2.69), and surgery duration greater than 90 minutes (aOR 1.71) independently increased the risk, while antiemetic prophylaxis significantly reduced it (aOR 0.53). Conclusion: PONV remains a significant postoperative concern, driven by both intrinsic susceptibility and modifiable perioperative factors. Targeted prophylaxis, opioid-sparing strategies, and evidence-based anesthetic practices are essential to reduce its burden and improve postoperative outcomes.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting; General anesthesia; Risk factors; Volatile anesthetics; Opioid analgesia; Antiemetic prophylaxis
Perceived Social Support as a Predictor of Resilience and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Background: Background: Perceived social support is a critical determinant of psychological wellbeing and has been linked to improved resilience and life satisfaction, yet the interplay among these constructs within community adult populations remains insufficiently characterized. Objective: To examine whether perceived social support independently predicts resilience and life satisfaction in adults using validated psychometric measures. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 312 adults recruited through open community sampling. Participants completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the p redictive effects of perceived social support on resilience and life satisfaction while adjusting for age, gender, and education. Results: Perceived social support demonstrated significant positive associations with both resilience (β = 5.41, 95% CI: 3.92–6.91, p < 0.001) and life satisfaction (β = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.51–2.96, p < 0.001). Resilience independently predicted life satisfaction (β = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.14–0.29, p < 0.001). Demographic variables contributed minimally, and no significant interaction effects were observed across subgroups. The final models explained 29% of the variance in resilience and 34% in life satisfaction. Conclusion: Perceived social support is a strong, independent predictor of resilience and life satisfaction, highlighting its importance as a modifiable target for mental health promotion.
Perceived social support; resilience; life satisfaction; psychological wellbeing; cross-sectional study
Digital Media Use and Its Association with Attention, Motivation, and Mood in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Background: University students' daily lives now heavily incorporate digital media use, which has sparked worries about possible effects on mental health, academic motivation, and cognitive function. There is evidence that excessive engagement may lead to increased psychological distress and attentional fragmentation, however there are still few multidomain assessments in a single cohort. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between university students' self-reported attentiveness, academic motivation, and depressed mood and their daily use of digital media. Methods: A validated electronic questionnaire measuring exposure to digital media, attention, motivation, and mood was used in a cross-sectional observational study. Multivariable linear regression models were used to account for academic and demographic factors after participants were selected from a university community. Subgroup analyses and bivariate correlations were used to further investigate linkages and possible effect modification. Results: Among 312 students (mean age 20.8 ± 2.4 years), increased usage of digital media was substantially linked to decreased motivation (β = –0.29, p = 0.013), increased negative mood (β = 0.47, p < 0.001), and decreased attention (β = –0.42, p < 0.001). There was a clear dose-response pattern, with larger confidence intervals at greater exposure levels. All subgroups showed the same associations, with females showing the strongest effects. Conclusion: Targeted interventions and balanced media-use methods are necessary for young adult populations, since elevated digital media usage is associated with significant deficits in motivation and attention as well as elevated negative mood.
digital media use; attention; motivation; mood; university students; mental health
Copyright (c) 2023 Interdisciplinary Journal of Medical Research
Stress, Sleep Quality, and Emotional Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Emerging Adults
Background: Emerging adulthood is characterized by heightened vulnerability to psychosocial stressors that may adversely influence sleep quality and emotional well-being. Evidence suggests that stress and sleep disturbances frequently co-occur during this developmental stage, yet their independent and combined contributions to emotional health remain insufficiently clarified. Objective: To examine the associations between perceived stress, sleep quality, and emotional well-being in emerging adults using a cross-sectional design. Methods: A total of 300 emerging adults aged 18–29 completed validated measures, including the Perceived Stress Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and an emotional well-being scale. Sociodemographic data were collected, and multivariable linear regression was used to assess the independent relationships between stress, sleep, and emotional well-being while adjusting for demographic covariates. Results: Higher perceived stress was strongly associated with poorer emotional well-being (B = −0.75, 95% CI −0.91 to −0.59, p < 0.001), and poorer sleep quality independently predicted lower emotional well-being (B = −0.69, 95% CI −1.05 to −0.33, p < 0.001). Together, these psychosocial variables explained 37% of the variance in emotional well-being. No significant associations were observed for age, gender, or student status. Conclusion: Stress and sleep quality are key determinants of emotional well-being in emerging adults, underscoring the need for early, integrated interventions targeting both domains to optimize mental health outcomes in this population.
Perceived stress; Sleep quality; Emotional well-being; Emerging adults; Mental health
Assessment of Blood Pressure and Associated Factors in Pediatric Lupus Patients Admitted to a Children's Medical Center
Background: Blood pressure abnormalities are common in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), particularly during hospitalization when disease activity, renal involvement, and treatment intensity may converge to increase hemodynamic instability. Understanding the clinical factors associated with hypertension in this population is essential for improving monitoring and preventing renal and cardiovascular complications. Objective: To assess blood pressure patterns and identify demographic, renal, immunologic, and treatment-related factors associated with hypertension in pediatric SLE patients admitted to a tertiary children’s medical center. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 90 hospitalized children with confirmed SLE. Blood pressure measurements within the first 48 hours of admission were classified using age-, sex-, and height-adjusted percentile criteria. Clinical variables included lupus nephritis class, proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, complement levels, anti-dsDNA titers, corticosteroid dosing, and disease duration. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of hypertension. Results: Hypertension was present in 34.4% of patients, while 13.3% exhibited hypotension. Hypertensive patients demonstrated significantly higher rates of lupus nephritis (83.9%), proteinuria (74.2%), and reduced eGFR (mean 84.7 mL/min/1.73 m²). Independent predictors of hypertension included nephritis (adjusted OR 3.42), proteinuria (adjusted OR 4.19), reduced eGFR (adjusted OR 3.06), and high-dose corticosteroids (adjusted OR 2.74). Conclusion: Hypertension in hospitalized pediatric SLE is strongly associated with renal involvement and intensive immunosuppressive therapy, underscoring the need for targeted blood pressure surveillance and early intervention in high-risk patients.
Pediatric Lupus; Blood Pressure; Hypertension; Lupus Nephritis; Proteinuria; Corticosteroids
Prevalence of Difficult Airway Predictors Among Surgical Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Difficult airway predictors remain a critical focus in perioperative safety, as failure to identify high-risk patients increases the likelihood of hypoxic injury and adverse anaesthesia-related events. Understanding the prevalence and distribution of these predictors within specific surgical populations is essential for improving airway preparedness and clinical decision-making. Objective: To determine the prevalence of difficult airway predictors among adult surgical patients undergoing general anaesthesia and identify demographic and clinical factors associated with increased risk. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 420 adults scheduled for surgery under general anaesthesia. Standardized preoperative assessments measured Mallampati classification, inter-incisor distance, thyromental distance, neck mobility, neck circumference, and craniofacial characteristics. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between patient factors and the presence of ≥1 difficult airway predictor. Results: At least one predictor was present in 34.0% of patients, with Mallampati III–IV (18.6%), short thyromental distance (14.3%), and limited mouth opening (12.1%) being most common. Older age, obesity, and suspected obstructive sleep apnea significantly increased the odds of difficult airway predictors, with adjusted ORs of 1.49, 1.94, and 2.28, respectively. Prevalence was highest in ENT/head-neck (50.0%) and neurosurgical (46.7%) specialties. Conclusion: Difficult airway predictors are common in surgical patients and disproportionately concentrated in specific high-risk subgroups, emphasizing the need for targeted airway assessment and enhanced perioperative preparedness.
Difficult Airway; Airway Assessment; General Anaesthesia; Predictors; Surgical Patients; Preoperative Evaluation
Junk Food Consumption and Its Association With Overweight/Obesity in Adolescents
Background: Junk food consumption has risen sharply among adolescents, contributing to the global escalation of overweight and obesity. Ultra-processed, energy-dense foods are known to influence adiposity, yet inconsistencies in prior findings highlight the need for context-specific evidence. Objective: To examine the association between junk food consumption and overweight/obesity among adolescents using standardized measurements and adjustment for behavioral and demographic confounders. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 720 adolescents aged 12–19 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometrics were measured following WHO standards. Logistic regression models estimated crude and adjusted associations between junk food intake (low, moderate, high) and overweight/obesity, adjusting for age, sex, physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration. Results: Overweight/obesity prevalence was 34.7%. Prevalence increased from 18.5% among low junk food consumers to 36.7% among moderate and 57.3% among high consumers. Compared with low intake, moderate consumption was associated with adjusted OR 1.90 (95% CI 1.20–3.00), and high consumption with adjusted OR 3.80 (95% CI 2.30–6.20). Low physical activity, prolonged screen time, and short sleep duration were also independent predictors. Conclusion: Junk food consumption is a strong, dose-responsive predictor of adolescent overweight/obesity, underscoring the need for targeted dietary and lifestyle interventions.
Adolescents; Junk Food; Overweight; Obesity; Diet; Lifestyle; Risk Factors
Breakfast Skipping and Nutritional Status Among University Students
Background: Breakfast skipping is increasingly common among university students and has been associated with adverse dietary behaviours and metabolic risks, yet its relationship with nutritional status in this population remains insufficiently understood. Objective: To examine the association between breakfast-skipping behaviours and nutritional status among university students, with emphasis on weight-related outcomes and behavioural correlates. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 428 undergraduate students aged 18–25 years. Participants were selected through stratified sampling, completed a structured questionnaire on dietary and lifestyle behaviours, and underwent standardized anthropometric measurements. Breakfast skipping was defined as omitting breakfast on three or more days per week. Descriptive statistics, group comparisons, and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess associations between breakfast habits and overweight/obesity while adjusting for confounders. Results: Breakfast skipping was reported by 41.1% of students. Skippers exhibited higher mean BMI (24.1 ± 3.9 vs. 22.6 ± 3.4 kg/m²; p < 0.001), greater prevalence of overweight/obesity (36.4% vs. 21.8%; p = 0.001), lower meal frequency (2.4 ± 0.6 vs. 3.1 ± 0.7 meals/day; p < 0.001), and higher snack intake (59.1% vs. 37.3%; p < 0.001). Breakfast skipping independently increased the odds of overweight/obesity (AOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.28–2.80). Conclusion: Breakfast skipping is strongly associated with poorer nutritional status and adverse behavioural patterns among university students, highlighting the need for targeted health-promotion strategies in this high-risk group.
breakfast skipping; nutritional status; university students; overweight; dietary behaviour; cross-sectional study
Assessment of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Prevalence in Urban Hospital Nurses: A Survey-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Workplace musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major occupational health concern among nurses due to high physical workload, repetitive movements, and patient-handling tasks, contributing to pain, disability, and reduced workforce sustainability. Urban hospitals face an elevated burden because of fast-paced environments and limited ergonomic resources. Objective: To determine the prevalence of WMSDs and identify associated demographic and occupational risk factors among nurses working in an urban hospital setting. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 204 full-time registered nurses at Al Razi Hospital, Lahore. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, musculoskeletal symptoms across major body regions, and perceived occupational contributors. Descriptive and inferential analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were performed to identify significant associations. Results: The overall prevalence of WMSDs was high, with lower back pain reported by 72.5%, neck pain by 61.8%, and shoulder pain by 54.9% of participants. Younger nurses and those with 1–5 years of experience demonstrated significantly higher prevalence (86.5%, p < 0.01). Lifting patients (73.5%), repetitive movements (64.7%), and prolonged standing (57.8%) were key risk factors. Conclusion: WMSDs are highly prevalent among urban hospital nurses, underscoring the need for early ergonomic training, workload modification, and targeted preventive strategies to safeguard nurse well-being and improve patient care quality.
Workplace musculoskeletal disorders, nurses, ergonomics, prevalence, occupational health, urban hospitals
Relationship Between Cognitive Function and Gait Performance in Older Adults with Mild Neurological Impairments
Background: Cognitive decline and gait disturbances commonly coexist in older adults with mild neurological impairments, reflecting shared underlying neural pathways and increasing vulnerability to functional decline and falls. Understanding how cognitive deficits relate to gait performance in early neurological conditions is essential for informing screening, rehabilitation strategies, and preventive care. Objective: To examine the association between cognitive function and gait performance in older adults with mild neurological impairments using validated cognitive and gait assessment tools. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 130 older adults with clinically confirmed mild neurological impairments. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, while gait performance was evaluated using the 10-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go, and stride variability derived from wearable sensors. Statistical analyses included group comparisons and correlation analyses, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Lower cognitive scores were significantly associated with poorer gait outcomes, including slower gait speed (r = 0.58, p < 0.001), longer Timed Up and Go times (r = –0.62, p < 0.001), and increased stride variability (r = –0.41, p < 0.001). Individuals with reduced cognitive scores demonstrated markedly slower gait (–0.18 m/s) and higher stride variability (+1.2%) compared with cognitively preserved participants. Conclusion: Cognitive performance is strongly associated with gait mobility and stability in older adults with mild neurological impairments, underscoring the importance of early cognitive screening and integrated cognitive–motor intervention strategies.
Cognitive Function; Gait Performance; Older Adults; Mild Neurological Impairment; Timed Up and Go; MoCA; Mobility Decline
Prevalence of Chemotherapy-Associated Acute Kidney Injury in Children With Solid Versus Non-Solid Tumors at a Tertiary Pediatric Center
Background: Chemotherapy-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant complication in pediatric oncology, yet variation in AKI burden between children with solid and non-solid tumors remains insufficiently characterized. Understanding tumor-specific differences in renal vulnerability is essential for improving monitoring strategies and mitigating treatment-related morbidity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of chemotherapy-associated AKI in children with solid versus non-solid tumors treated at a tertiary pediatric center and to identify clinical factors associated with increased renal risk. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 60 pediatric oncology patients, with equal representation of solid and non-solid tumors. Demographic, clinical, and chemotherapy-related variables were collected through standardized chart review. AKI was defined using KDIGO pediatric serum creatinine criteria. Statistical analyses included group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of AKI while adjusting for confounders. Results: AKI occurred in 35.0% of the cohort, with higher prevalence among solid tumor patients (43.3%) compared with those with non-solid tumors (26.7%). Solid tumor patients exhibited greater rises in peak serum creatinine (0.98 vs. 0.82 mg/dL). Nephrotoxic chemotherapy exposure (adjusted OR 3.41) and dehydration (adjusted OR 2.77) were significant predictors of AKI. Conclusion: Children with solid tumors experience a higher burden of chemotherapy-associated AKI, driven primarily by nephrotoxic drug exposure and modifiable clinical factors. Enhanced renal surveillance and preventive measures are warranted in high-risk groups.
Acute Kidney Injury; Chemotherapy; Pediatric Oncology; Solid Tumors; Nephrotoxicity; KDIGO Criteria
Functional Independence and Quality of Life Among Patients with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) leads to profound motor, sensory, and autonomic impairments that substantially reduce functional independence and negatively impact multiple dimensions of quality of life (QoL). Understanding how functional capability relates to QoL is essential for guiding rehabilitation priorities and optimizing long-term outcomes. Objective: To examine the association between functional independence and quality of life among adults with traumatic spinal cord injury. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 56 adults with clinically confirmed TSCI attending rehabilitation services. Functional independence was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), while QoL was evaluated using the WHOQOL-BREF. Demographic and clinical data were collected through structured interviews and medical records. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, independent group comparisons, and correlation analyses, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Participants showed moderate functional impairment (mean FIM 73.6 ± 18.2) and reduced QoL, particularly in the physical domain (48.9 ± 12.7). Paraplegia was associated with significantly higher FIM and QoL scores compared with tetraplegia (p < 0.001). Functional independence demonstrated a strong positive correlation with overall QoL (r = 0.64, p < 0.001), with the strongest association observed for the physical domain (r = 0.71). Conclusion: Higher functional independence is strongly associated with better multidimensional QoL among individuals with TSCI, underscoring the need to prioritize independence-focused rehabilitation strategies.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury; Functional Independence; Quality of Life; FIM; WHOQOL-BREF; Rehabilitation; Neurological Recovery
Assessment of Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis Receiving Physiotherapy
Background: Chronic knee osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative condition associated with pain, disability, and reduced mobility, often requiring long-term physiotherapy to improve functional outcomes. Understanding the extent to which rehabilitation influences pain, functional performance, and disability is essential for optimizing conservative management strategies. Objective: To assess rehabilitation outcomes in patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis receiving physiotherapy by evaluating changes in pain intensity, disability, and functional mobility using validated clinical measures. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 96 adults with chronic knee osteoarthritis undergoing physiotherapy. Pain was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, disability using the WOMAC Index, and functional performance using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and 30-Second Chair Stand Test. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, group comparisons based on physiotherapy duration, and correlation analyses, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Participants demonstrated moderate baseline disability (mean WOMAC 54.2 ± 12.4) and impaired mobility (TUG 14.8 ± 3.9 seconds). Those receiving ≥8 weeks of physiotherapy exhibited significantly lower pain (p < 0.001), reduced disability (p < 0.001), faster TUG times (p = 0.002), and greater chair-stand performance (p = 0.001). Physiotherapy duration showed strong correlations with all outcome measures. Conclusion: Longer physiotherapy duration is associated with meaningful improvements in pain, disability, and functional mobility, supporting the value of sustained rehabilitation in chronic knee osteoarthritis management.
Knee Osteoarthritis; Physiotherapy; Rehabilitation; WOMAC; Functional Mobility; NPRS; TUG Test
Association Between HbA1c and Clinical Severity Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital
Background: Chronic dysglycemia has emerged as a significant modifier of COVID-19 outcomes, with elevated HbA1c levels potentially contributing to increased disease severity through mechanisms involving impaired immunity, endothelial dysfunction, and heightened inflammation. Understanding the prognostic value of HbA1c in hospitalized patients is essential for optimizing risk stratification and clinical management. Objective: To evaluate HbA1c levels and assess their association with clinical severity among hospitalized COVID-19 patients at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 70 adults with PCR-confirmed COVID-19. HbA1c was measured within 24 hours of admission, and patients were categorized into HbA1c < 7.0% and HbA1c ≥ 7.0%. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, and disease severity was classified using national and WHO guidelines. Group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine the independent association between HbA1c and severe/critical illness. Results: Patients with HbA1c ≥ 7.0% exhibited higher inflammatory markers, lower admission oxygen saturation, and significantly greater frequencies of severe/critical disease (66.7% vs 37.5%), ICU admission (60.0% vs 30.0%), and mechanical ventilation (40.0% vs 17.5%). Elevated HbA1c independently predicted severe/critical COVID-19 (adjusted OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.10–7.01). Conclusion: Elevated HbA1c is strongly associated with increased COVID-19 severity and adverse in-hospital outcomes, underscoring the importance of early glycemic assessment in hospitalized patients.
COVID-19; HbA1c; Disease Severity; Dysglycemia; ICU Admission; Mortality
Design and Validation of a Safety Risk Assessment Checklist for Food and Drug Quality Control Labs
Background: Food and drug quality control laboratories operate with complex chemical, biological, and procedural hazards that necessitate structured safety monitoring, yet validated tools tailored to these environments remain limited. A standardized risk assessment checklist can strengthen hazard identification, enhance regulatory compliance, and support safer laboratory operations. Objective: To design and validate a comprehensive safety risk assessment checklist specifically for food and drug quality control laboratories and evaluate its content validity, reliability, and underlying domain structure. Methods: A methodological cross-sectional study was conducted using expert-driven item generation, a two-round Delphi process, and psychometric evaluation across 96 checklist applications. Content validity indices (I-CVI, S-CVI/Ave) were calculated, followed by reliability testing using Cronbach’s alpha, inter-rater reliability, and test–retest stability. Exploratory factor analysis assessed construct validity and domain structure. Results: The expert panel achieved strong consensus, yielding a final 44-item checklist with an S-CVI/Ave of 0.94. Internal consistency was high across all domains (Cronbach’s alpha 0.87–0.91), with overall alpha of 0.92. Inter-rater reliability was substantial (κ = 0.83), and test–retest reliability demonstrated excellent stability (ICC = 0.89). Five domains emerged, explaining 89% of total variance. Conclusion: The validated checklist demonstrates strong psychometric performance and offers a reliable, domain-specific tool for improving safety assessment in food and drug quality control laboratories.
Laboratory Safety; Risk Assessment; Checklist Development; Psychometric Validation; Food and Drug Quality Control; Occupational Health
Evaluation of Post-Operative Outcomes in Children Undergoing Ventricular Septal Defect Repair
Background: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart anomaly, and although surgical repair has excellent survival, postoperative morbidity varies widely. Identifying perioperative determinants of recovery may improve risk stratification and guide targeted postoperative care. Objective: To evaluate the association between preoperative and intraoperative factors and early postoperative outcomes among children undergoing surgical VSD repair. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 40 pediatric patients undergoing VSD repair at a tertiary cardiac center. Consecutive sampling, standardized data extraction, and predefined operational definitions were used. Variables included demographics, preoperative clinical status, cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp durations, and postoperative outcomes such as ventilation time, ICU stay, arrhythmias, low cardiac output syndrome, and residual defects. Statistical analyses incorporated multivariable regression with adjustment for confounders. Results: Younger age, preoperative pulmonary hypertension, longer bypass duration (mean 86.4 vs. 73.3 min), and extended cross-clamp time (51.2 vs. 43.1 min) were associated with prolonged ICU stay (>4 days). Postoperative arrhythmias were significantly higher in prolonged-stay patients (35.7% vs. 3.8%). Overall postoperative morbidity included low cardiac output syndrome in 12.5%, new residual VSD in 7.5%, and no mortality. Conclusion: Preoperative vulnerability and intraoperative burden strongly influence early postoperative trajectories after VSD repair, underscoring the need for risk-adapted perioperative management to optimize recovery.
Ventricular Septal Defect; Pediatric Cardiac Surgery; Postoperative Outcomes; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Arrhythmia; Intensive Care
Relationship Between Balance Impairments and Fall Risk in Adults With Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which balance impairment and gait dysfunction substantially increase fall risk, contributing to morbidity, functional decline, and reduced quality of life. Understanding how objectively measured balance deficits relate to fall risk is essential for optimizing rehabilitation strategies and guiding preventive care. Objective: To determine the association between balance impairments and fall risk in adults with Parkinson’s disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 56 adults with clinically confirmed PD attending neurology and rehabilitation outpatient clinics. Balance performance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and fall risk was evaluated using the Falls Efficacy Scale–International (FES-I) and self-reported fall history over the preceding 12 months. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and correlation analyses were applied, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Participants demonstrated moderate balance impairment (mean BBS 37.4 ± 8.7) and elevated fall concern (mean FES-I 32.6 ± 7.4), with 60.7% reporting at least one fall. A strong negative correlation was found between BBS and FES-I (r = –0.59, p < 0.001), and balance scores were significantly lower in Hoehn & Yahr stage III compared with stage II (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Balance impairment is strongly associated with fall risk in PD, particularly in more advanced disease stages, underscoring the need for routine balance screening and targeted rehabilitation. Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease; Balance Impairment; Fall Risk; Berg Balance Scale; Falls Efficacy Scale–International; Postural Instability; Neurorehabilitation.
Parkinson’s Disease; Balance Impairment; Fall Risk; Berg Balance Scale; Falls Efficacy Scale–International; Postural Instability; Neurorehabilitation